Endoscopic surgery for oesophageal cancer

You might have endoscopic surgery to remove abnormal areas in the lining of the foodpipe (oesophagus). Your doctor uses a long flexible tube (endoscope) with a tiny camera and light on the end to look inside your oesophagus. They remove the abnormal area by passing special instruments through the tube.

Your doctor will use one of the following to do this:

• endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)
• endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR)

These operations are very similar. Your doctor will tell you which one you are going to have.

You might have endoscopic surgery to remove:

• very abnormal cell changes in the lining of the oesophagus (precancerous changes)
• a very early stage cancer that is small and only in the lining of the oesophagus

Preparing for your surgery

You might have a blood test 2 days beforehand to check how well your blood clots.

Tell your doctor if you're having medicine that changes how your blood clots. This includes:

• aspirin
• clopidogrel
• arthritis medicines
• warfarin or heparin
• apixaban or rivaroxaban

Your doctor will tell you if you need to stop taking any other medicines.

You can't eat for 6 to 8 hours before the surgery. But you might be able to drink sips of water up to 2 hours before your appointment. Your doctor or nurse gives you written instructions about this beforehand.

Talk to your doctor if not eating could be a problem for you. For example, if you have diabetes.

What happens?

You have the surgery in the endoscopy unit in hospital. You probably had a gastroscopy as one of the tests to diagnose your cancer. The preparation for EMR and ESD is the same as for a gastroscopy.

Your doctor will explain what they are going to do and you’ll sign a consent form. This is a good time to ask any questions you might have.

Before the operation

When you arrive at the clinic, the nurse may ask you to go into a cubicle to change into a hospital gown.

You lie down on the couch and an anaesthetist puts a small tube (cannula) into a vein in your arm or hand. They then attach a drip that contains a sedative . This will make you very sleepy. It takes a few minutes for this to work. You will have oxygen through a small plastic tube or sponge which sits just inside your nostril. A plastic clip on your finger will measure your heart rate and oxygen levels, and your nurse will check your blood pressure.

The doctor will also spray local anaesthetic in the back of your throat to make it easier to swallow the endoscope.

Some people need to have the operation under a general anaesthetic. So you will be unconscious. Your doctor will tell you if this applies to you.

During the procedure

Once you are sleepy your doctor passes the endoscope down your throat. Using the endoscope they inject fluid into the layer of cells below the cancer or abnormal area. The fluid lifts the abnormal area away from the rest of the tissue.

Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR)

Your doctor removes the abnormal area of tissue using a thin wire (snare). The tissue is sometimes removed in pieces.

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)

Your doctor uses a small knife to remove the abnormal area of tissue, as well as a small amount of the normal tissue around it. The tissue is usually removed in one piece.  

They collect the tissue and send it to the laboratory. A specialist then looks at under a microscope.

This surgery takes between 30 and 90 minutes depending on how much of the lining they need to remove.

After the operation

You'll need to rest for a while afterwards. You won’t remember having the operation.

Whether you can go home the same day or stay in hospital overnight will vary. If you go home on the same day, you need someone to take you home and stay with you for 24 hours.

You usually only drink liquids for the first day or so. Then you can move onto a soft diet and gradually build up to a normal diet again. Your nurse will give you specific information about what you can eat and drink.

You may have:

• mild chest pain like heartburn
• mild discomfort when you eat food
• bloating and discomfort lasting a few hours

You can take paracetamol to control any pain. Don’t take aspirin or non steroidal painkillers such as ibuprofen.

Possible risks

Your doctors will make sure the benefits of having the surgery outweigh these possible risks. These include:

• bleeding – contact the hospital if you start vomiting blood or if your poo is black
• a sore throat that can last for up to 24 hours – contact the hospital if you have severe pain in your throat, chest or tummy (abdomen)
• fluid going into your lungs from your mouth – this rarely happens as a nurse removes the fluid from your mouth during the operation
• a reaction to the sedative making you breathless
• a small tear in the lining of your oesophagus – this is rare, treatment is antibiotics and fluids through a drip or surgery to repair the tear
• narrowing of the oesophagus that develops a while after the procedure – if this happens you have another endoscopy to stretch the oesophagus

Follow up

At your first follow up appointment, your doctor:

• gives you the results of the surgery
• examines you
• asks how you are and if you've had any problems  

This is also your opportunity to ask any questions. Write down any questions you have before your appointment to help you remember what to ask. Taking someone with you can also help you to remember what the doctor says.

How often you have follow up appointments depends on the results of your surgery. Ask your doctor how often you need to have these and what they will involve.

You might need more treatment if you have Barrett’s oesophagus. You usually have an endoscopy 3 months later to check that your oesophagus is healing.